公路工程的涵洞一般采用鋼筋混凝土制作。現采用鋼波紋涵管代(dai)替鋼筋(jin)混(hun)凝土進(jin)行(xing)涵(han)(han)洞施工在國內(nei)時一項新(xin)技術(shu),鋼波紋涵(han)(han)管以其性能穩定(ding)、安(an)裝(zhuang)方便、有利環保、造價低等優(you)點(dian)迅(xun)速在公(gong)路施工中代(dai)替了鋼筋(jin)混(hun)凝土施工的涵(han)(han)洞,發(fa)展前景非常廣闊(kuo)。
在公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong),應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)代替鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)混凝(ning)土進(jin)行涵(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)歷史已(yi)經有100多年(nian)了(le)。1896年(nian),美國(guo)率行波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)通(tong)(tong)道、涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)可行性研究(jiu)。其(qi)后,在美國(guo)、加拿大(da)、澳大(da)利亞等國(guo)的(de)(de)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)建(jian)設中(zhong),均采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)鋼(gang)(gang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)進(jin)行涵(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)。1990年(nian),日本(ben)高速公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)設計(ji),規范制(zhi)定了(le)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)設計(ji)技術規范。隨著波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)在世界各地的(de)(de)安裝使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),證明了(le)此種結構在各種使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)情況下的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)性。在我國(guo)改革(ge)開(kai)放后,深(shen)圳及大(da)同煤(mei)礦開(kai)始從國(guo)外(wai)進(jin)口成(cheng)品波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)進(jin)行涵(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)。之后,上海(hai)市(shi)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理處、上海(hai)市(shi)政工(gong)(gong)程設計(ji)研究(jiu)院、上海(hai)同濟大(da)學對金(jin)屬(shu)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)進(jin)行了(le)動(dong)、靜載(zai)試驗(yan),結果表明能滿足設計(ji)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)要求,填補了(le)國(guo)內的(de)(de)空(kong)白,且迅(xun)速得到(dao)推廣(guang)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。幕(mu)墻一貫反應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于我國(guo)各地公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)設施(shi)(shi)建(jian)設當(dang)中(zhong)。鋼(gang)(gang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)投(tou)入到(dao)了(le)青海(hai)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)當(dang)中(zhong),三年(nian)的(de)(de)實踐證明,鋼(gang)(gang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)在北(bei)方寒(han)冷(leng)地區完(wan)全符合公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)建(jian)設當(dang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)涵(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)要求。陜西通(tong)(tong)途交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)設施(shi)(shi)有限公(gong)司是(shi)一家生產(chan)公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)涵(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)通(tong)(tong)道用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(板)的(de)(de)企業,主(zhu)要產(chan)品包括公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)涵(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)通(tong)(tong)道用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(板)、相關配套設施(shi)(shi)有橋梁支座(zuo)、伸縮縫(feng)、鋼(gang)(gang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)腹板橋、聲屏障、鋼(gang)(gang)便(bian)橋、土工(gong)(gong)材料、防(fang)水材料、金(jin)屬(shu)掛網、防(fang)眩板、公(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)護欄等交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)基礎設施(shi)(shi)和其(qi)他相應(ying)的(de)(de)基礎設施(shi)(shi)。
實踐證明,用鋼(gang)波紋涵(han)(han)管(guan)代替鋼(gang)筋混凝土進行涵(han)(han)洞施工(gong),無論(lun)從施工(gong)周(zhou)期(qi)、施工(gong)造(zao)價、環保意義等方面都(dou)有其不可比擬的優越性,且用鋼(gang)波紋管(guan)涵(han)(han)進行涵(han)(han)洞施工(gong),可大大提高道路行車(che)的舒適度與安全性,避免道路中涵(han)(han)洞的“錯臺跳車(che)”現形(xing),有利于解(jie)決西北地(di)區寒冷霜(shuang)凍對(dui)砼管(guan)涵(han)(han)結構的破壞問題。
鋼波紋涵管施工要求
鋼(gang)波紋管涵的(de)施工工藝及安裝(zhuang)技(ji)術要求
1 涵洞施(shi)(shi)工(gong)前準備相關材料,人員及設備進場(chang),并 做好施(shi)(shi)工(gong)時期的安全防護工(gong)作,對(dui)路基邊坡(po)進行圍(wei)網保護,防止石塊等物體下滑傷人。
2 基(ji)礎處理:可回填砂(sha)礫(li)或砌筑片石砼,對(dui)基(ji)底進行平整(zheng),換填30-50cm厚的(de)砂(sha)礫(li)材料(liao),密(mi)實度達到90%以(yi)上,選擇適當的(de)流水縱坡3%左右,定出每道涵的(de)中(zhong)線和邊線。
3 波(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)涵(han)施工(gong)時,采用(yong)分段施工(gong)的(de)方法,預先在原拱涵(han)基(ji)底用(yong)角鋼并排兩根(gen),長度(du)根(gen)據涵(han)長確定,作涵(han)管(guan)推進時的(de)滑軌,波(bo)紋(wen)涵(han)管(guan)管(guan)徑根(gen)據工(gong)程(cheng)需要可有不同的(de)規格,整裝(zhuang)管(guan)管(guan)徑為0.5m-2.5m,每節長度(du)3.06米,采用(yong)內(外(wai))法蘭螺栓(shuan)連接,拼裝(zhuang)管(guan)管(guan)徑為3m-8m,板(ban)與(yu)板(ban)搭接高(gao)強螺栓(shuan)緊固。
4 如果涵(han)長小(xiao)于30米,波(bo)紋(wen)管涵(han)兩側與原涵(han)寬度大(da)于80cm,可將整(zheng)道波(bo)紋(wen)管涵(han)在下(xia)游(you)或上游(you)向一端推進(jin),就位(wei)以后,再進(jin)行(xing)一端擋(dang)墻(qiang)的(de)砌筑,四周的(de)回填(tian)(tian)工作,可回填(tian)(tian)沙礫(li)、碎石土、砌筑片石等。頂部采用砌片石或高壓泵送膨脹水(shui)泥砂漿。
5 如果涵長大于(yu)30米,波(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵兩(liang)側與原涵寬(kuan)(kuan)度小于(yu)80cm,可將(jiang)3m-6m長涵管(guan)(guan)在下游或(huo)上游向一端(duan)(duan)推進,就(jiu)位以后(hou)可以將(jiang)其固定,砌筑頂端(duan)(duan)的(de)片石端(duan)(duan)墻,波(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵的(de)另一端(duan)(duan)與涵洞(dong)間(jian)的(de)間(jian)距用(yong)沙(sha)袋或(huo)漿(jiang)砌片石擋住,寬(kuan)(kuan)度50cm,然后(hou)開(kai)始回填(tian)。兩(liang)側可用(yong)粗沙(sha)水密法密實或(huo)澆注混凝(ning)土震動(dong)棒(bang)搗實。頂部采用(yong)高壓泵送膨脹水泥沙(sha)漿(jiang)。該節(jie)管(guan)(guan)四周填(tian)筑完畢后(hou),將(jiang)第貳節(jie)運至,進行(xing)兩(liang)管(guan)(guan)的(de)連接(jie),連接(jie)完畢后(hou),以上述相(xiang)同的(de)方法進行(xing)回填(tian),依此(ci)順序(xu)完成管(guan)(guan)道(dao)波(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵的(de)修建工作。
鋼波紋涵管加拿大(da)東部的(de)(de)工廠制造的(de)(de)常規厚度的(de)(de),長度為(wei)6米的(de)(de)鍍鋅波(bo)紋(wen)涵管(guan)在(zai)船上(shang)交貨(huo)的(de)(de)大(da)致(zhi)價格列于表(biao),當然該廠還(huan)制造其它長度的(de)(de)。短節(jie)混凝(ning)土波(bo)紋(wen)涵管(guan)的(de)(de)價格在(zai)該制造廠大(da)致(zhi)一樣,但由于較重(zhong),運(yun)輸費用高(gao),所(suo)以(yi)一般不(bu)太受歡(huan)迎。對這些不(bu)同材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)波(bo)紋(wen)涵管(guan)在(zai)現地的(de)(de)費用問(wen)題(ti)應作出各種(zhong)分析(xi)。當地處(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)本(ben)地木材(cai)(cai),在(zai)多數情況下很可能是便宜的(de)(de)波(bo)紋(wen)涵管(guan)材(cai)(cai)料,但安裝費要高(gao)得多。
當(dang)利用(yong)推土(tu)(tu)(tu)機和(he)其它重型(xing)設備修(xiu)筑路其和(he)排水溝時,埋(mai)設波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋涵(han)(han)管(guan)的(de)(de)挖土(tu)(tu)(tu)、波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋涵(han)(han)管(guan)埋(mai)設后的(de)(de)回填土(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)由涵(han)(han)洞出(chu)口把水導出(chu)去的(de)(de)泄水溝的(de)(de)挖掘等,一(yi)般來說是采用(yong)機械化作業的(de)(de)。為了(le)給圓形管(guan)拱或拱起(qi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋涵(han)(han)管(guan)而準(zhun)備好一(yi)個平(ping)(ping)滑(hua)床,要鋪(pu)上一(yi)層(ceng)厚度(du)(du)10厘米左右的(de)(de)粗砂(sha)層(ceng)或礫石層(ceng),該層(ceng)的(de)(de)材(cai)料要求松(song)散些以便波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋涵(han)(han)管(guan)能夠(gou)埋(mai)沒于(yu)該層(ceng)中。該平(ping)(ping)滑(hua)床應具有3-5%連續坡度(du)(du),支承波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋涵(han)(han)管(guan)管(guan)道全長。回填土(tu)(tu)(tu)應按6英(ying)寸(cun)一(yi)層(ceng)給予壓實(shi)(shi)以加(jia)固(gu)對涵(han)(han)洞的(de)(de)側向支持(chi)力。這(zhe)件事用(yong)手提(ti)式振動壓實(shi)(shi)器是可以輕而易舉地(di)做到的(de)(de)。在涵(han)(han)洞上面(mian)鋪(pu)蓋的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)厚度(du)(du)取決于(yu)所使用(yong)的(de)(de)涵(han)(han)洞材(cai)料的(de)(de)厚度(du)(du),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)特性,車輛軸重和(he)行駛速度(du)(du)。在生產(chan)上推薦的(de)(de)是用(yong)承載能力強(qiang)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)并把它壓實(shi)(shi)到等于(yu)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋涵(han)(han)管(guan)直徑的(de)(de)厚度(du)(du)。
如(ru)果(guo)(guo)涵(han)(han)洞設計(ji)得(de)太(tai)(tai)小(xiao)和太(tai)(tai)接(jie)近于地(di)表特別是(shi)在(zai)暴露(lu)的(de)(de)地(di)方,而且水(shui)(shui)流速度緩慢,則(ze)在(zai)北部(bu)地(di)區的(de)(de)冬季容易(yi)凍結,后還要堵塞(sai)。這可(ke)以(yi)得(de)到補救,辦(ban)法(fa)以(yi)是(shi)增加(jia)涵(han)(han)洞的(de)(de)坡(po)度,采用(yong)無底(di)的(de)(de)木制(zhi)涵(han)(han)洞或在(zai)寒冷季節接(jie)近時,把(ba)涵(han)(han)洞進口(kou)端用(yong)軟樹(shu)技鋪蓋。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)涵(han)(han)洞的(de)(de)位置坡(po)度太(tai)(tai)低(di),那(nei)么(me)將被碎石頭和粗粒砂等填塞(sai)。這種情(qing)況可(ke)以(yi)通過在(zai)涵(han)(han)洞進口(kou)修井(jing)或截水(shui)(shui)坑和修防止(zhi)沖刷和把(ba)水(shui)(shui)引進涵(han)(han)洞的(de)(de)小(xiao)型(xing)扶(fu)垛(duo)等措施來解決。
大型混凝土波紋涵管或鍍鋅鋼波紋涵管可以單獨或若干根一起用來代替小橋。這些都是性的,通常其修建費較便宜并且不要求或極小要求養護。當一起使用幾根波紋涵管時,應使它們互相離開一定距離以便于在它們中間使用壓實器。利用壓實器給予壓實可以說就是利用把水從活動區引向別處。但是在溪流帶來橫架在涵洞進口并引起堵塞的大的碎石的地方,不要使用這種涵洞。鋼波紋涵管以它特殊的物理結構就能做到這一點。鋼波紋管涵以其性能穩定、安裝方便、有利環保、造價低等優點迅速在公路施工中代替了鋼筋混凝土施工的涵洞,發展前景非常廣闊。//hanihanbj.com/
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