公路工程的涵洞一般采用鋼筋混凝土制作。現采用鋼波紋涵管代替(ti)鋼筋(jin)混(hun)凝(ning)土進行(xing)涵(han)(han)洞(dong)施(shi)工(gong)在(zai)國內時一項新技術,鋼波紋涵(han)(han)管以其(qi)性能穩定、安(an)裝方便(bian)、有(you)利環保(bao)、造價(jia)低(di)等優點迅速在(zai)公路施(shi)工(gong)中代替(ti)了(le)鋼筋(jin)混(hun)凝(ning)土施(shi)工(gong)的(de)涵(han)(han)洞(dong),發(fa)展前(qian)景非(fei)常廣闊。
在(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong),應用鋼波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)代替鋼筋混(hun)凝土進(jin)行(xing)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史已經有100多年了(le)。1896年,美(mei)國率行(xing)波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)道、涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可行(xing)性研究。其(qi)(qi)后,在(zai)(zai)美(mei)國、加拿(na)大(da)、澳(ao)大(da)利(li)亞等國的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong),均采(cai)用了(le)鋼波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)進(jin)行(xing)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。1990年,日本高速公(gong)(gong)路(lu)設(she)(she)計,規范制定(ding)了(le)波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)設(she)(she)計技術規范。隨著波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)在(zai)(zai)世(shi)界(jie)各地的(de)(de)(de)(de)安裝使用,證(zheng)明(ming)了(le)此種結構在(zai)(zai)各種使用情況下的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)用性。在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國改革開放(fang)后,深圳(zhen)及大(da)同煤(mei)礦開始(shi)從國外進(jin)口成品波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)進(jin)行(xing)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。之后,上海市公(gong)(gong)路(lu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)處、上海市政工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)(she)計研究院、上海同濟大(da)學對金屬波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)動、靜(jing)載試驗,結果表明(ming)能(neng)滿(man)足設(she)(she)計使用要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu),填補了(le)國內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空白(bai),且迅(xun)速得到(dao)推廣應用。幕墻(qiang)一貫反(fan)應用于我(wo)國各地公(gong)(gong)路(lu)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建設(she)(she)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)。鋼波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)投入到(dao)了(le)青海公(gong)(gong)路(lu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong),三年的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐證(zheng)明(ming),鋼波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)在(zai)(zai)北方(fang)寒冷地區完全符合(he)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)建設(she)(she)當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。陜西通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)途(tu)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有限公(gong)(gong)司是一家生產(chan)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)道用波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(板(ban)(ban))的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業,主要(yao)產(chan)品包括(kuo)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)道用波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(板(ban)(ban))、相關配套設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有橋(qiao)梁支座、伸縮縫(feng)、鋼波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)腹板(ban)(ban)橋(qiao)、聲屏障(zhang)、鋼便(bian)橋(qiao)、土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)、防(fang)水材料(liao)、金屬掛網、防(fang)眩板(ban)(ban)、公(gong)(gong)路(lu)護欄等交通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)基(ji)礎設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和其(qi)(qi)他相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。
實踐(jian)證明,用鋼波紋涵管代(dai)替鋼筋混(hun)凝土進行涵洞施工,無論(lun)從(cong)施工周期(qi)、施工造價(jia)、環(huan)保(bao)意義等方面都有其不可比(bi)擬的(de)(de)優越性,且用鋼波紋管涵進行涵洞施工,可大(da)大(da)提高道路(lu)(lu)行車(che)的(de)(de)舒適度與安(an)全(quan)性,避免道路(lu)(lu)中涵洞的(de)(de)“錯臺(tai)跳車(che)”現形,有利于解(jie)決西北地區寒冷霜(shuang)凍對砼管涵結(jie)構的(de)(de)破壞問題。
鋼波紋涵管施工要求
鋼波(bo)紋(wen)管涵的施工工藝(yi)及安裝技(ji)術要求
1 涵洞施(shi)工前準備(bei)相(xiang)關材料(liao),人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)及設備(bei)進場,并 做好施(shi)工時期的安全防(fang)護(hu)工作,對路基(ji)邊坡進行圍網保護(hu),防(fang)止石塊等物體(ti)下滑傷人(ren)(ren)。
2 基(ji)礎(chu)處理:可回填砂礫(li)或砌筑片石砼,對(dui)基(ji)底進行(xing)平(ping)整,換填30-50cm厚(hou)的砂礫(li)材(cai)料,密實度(du)達(da)到90%以上,選擇適當的流水縱坡3%左右(you),定出每道涵的中線(xian)和(he)邊線(xian)。
3 波(bo)紋管(guan)涵(han)(han)施(shi)工時,采用(yong)分段施(shi)工的(de)方法(fa),預先(xian)在原拱(gong)涵(han)(han)基底用(yong)角(jiao)鋼并(bing)排兩(liang)根(gen),長度根(gen)據涵(han)(han)長確定,作涵(han)(han)管(guan)推進時的(de)滑軌(gui),波(bo)紋涵(han)(han)管(guan)管(guan)徑(jing)(jing)根(gen)據工程(cheng)需要可有(you)不(bu)同的(de)規格,整裝管(guan)管(guan)徑(jing)(jing)為0.5m-2.5m,每節(jie)長度3.06米,采用(yong)內(外)法(fa)蘭(lan)螺栓連接(jie),拼裝管(guan)管(guan)徑(jing)(jing)為3m-8m,板(ban)與板(ban)搭接(jie)高強螺栓緊(jin)固。
4 如果(guo)涵(han)長小于(yu)30米,波(bo)紋管涵(han)兩側與原(yuan)涵(han)寬度大于(yu)80cm,可(ke)將整(zheng)道波(bo)紋管涵(han)在下游或上(shang)游向一(yi)(yi)端推進,就位以(yi)后,再進行一(yi)(yi)端擋(dang)墻的砌筑,四(si)周的回填工(gong)作,可(ke)回填沙(sha)礫、碎(sui)石土(tu)、砌筑片石等。頂部采用砌片石或高壓泵送膨脹水泥砂漿。
5 如果涵(han)長大于(yu)30米,波紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)兩側與原涵(han)寬(kuan)度小于(yu)80cm,可將(jiang)3m-6m長涵(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)在下(xia)游或(huo)(huo)上游向一端推進,就位以后可以將(jiang)其固定,砌筑(zhu)(zhu)頂端的片石端墻,波紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)的另一端與涵(han)洞間(jian)的間(jian)距(ju)用沙(sha)袋或(huo)(huo)漿砌片石擋(dang)住,寬(kuan)度50cm,然(ran)后開(kai)始(shi)回填(tian)。兩側可用粗(cu)沙(sha)水密(mi)法(fa)密(mi)實或(huo)(huo)澆注混凝土震動棒搗(dao)實。頂部采用高壓泵送(song)膨脹水泥沙(sha)漿。該節管(guan)(guan)(guan)四周填(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)完(wan)畢(bi)后,將(jiang)第(di)貳節運至(zhi),進行兩管(guan)(guan)(guan)的連接(jie),連接(jie)完(wan)畢(bi)后,以上述相同的方法(fa)進行回填(tian),依(yi)此順序完(wan)成(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道波紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)的修(xiu)建工作(zuo)。
鋼波紋涵管加(jia)拿大(da)東(dong)部的(de)(de)工廠(chang)(chang)制(zhi)造(zao)的(de)(de)常規厚度(du)(du)的(de)(de),長度(du)(du)為6米(mi)的(de)(de)鍍鋅(xin)波(bo)紋涵(han)管(guan)在(zai)船上(shang)交貨的(de)(de)大(da)致(zhi)價(jia)格列于(yu)表,當然該廠(chang)(chang)還制(zhi)造(zao)其(qi)它長度(du)(du)的(de)(de)。短節混(hun)凝土波(bo)紋涵(han)管(guan)的(de)(de)價(jia)格在(zai)該制(zhi)造(zao)廠(chang)(chang)大(da)致(zhi)一樣,但(dan)由于(yu)較重(zhong),運輸費用高(gao)(gao),所(suo)以(yi)一般(ban)不(bu)太受(shou)歡迎。對(dui)這(zhe)些不(bu)同材料(liao)的(de)(de)波(bo)紋涵(han)管(guan)在(zai)現地的(de)(de)費用問題應作出各種(zhong)分(fen)析。當地處(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)本地木材,在(zai)多數情況下很可能是便宜的(de)(de)波(bo)紋涵(han)管(guan)材料(liao),但(dan)安裝費要高(gao)(gao)得多。
當利用推土(tu)(tu)機和(he)其它重(zhong)型設(she)備修筑路(lu)其和(he)排水(shui)(shui)溝時,埋設(she)波(bo)紋(wen)涵管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)挖土(tu)(tu)、波(bo)紋(wen)涵管(guan)(guan)(guan)埋設(she)后的(de)(de)回填土(tu)(tu)和(he)由(you)涵洞出(chu)口把水(shui)(shui)導出(chu)去的(de)(de)泄水(shui)(shui)溝的(de)(de)挖掘等,一般(ban)來說是(shi)采(cai)用機械化作業的(de)(de)。為了給圓(yuan)形管(guan)(guan)(guan)拱或(huo)拱起波(bo)紋(wen)涵管(guan)(guan)(guan)而(er)準備好一個平(ping)(ping)滑床,要鋪上(shang)一層(ceng)厚(hou)度10厘米左右(you)的(de)(de)粗砂層(ceng)或(huo)礫石(shi)層(ceng),該層(ceng)的(de)(de)材料(liao)要求松散些以便波(bo)紋(wen)涵管(guan)(guan)(guan)能夠埋沒于該層(ceng)中。該平(ping)(ping)滑床應具有3-5%連續坡度,支承(cheng)波(bo)紋(wen)涵管(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道全長。回填土(tu)(tu)應按6英寸一層(ceng)給予壓實以加(jia)固對涵洞的(de)(de)側向支持力。這件(jian)事用手提式振動壓實器是(shi)可以輕(qing)而(er)易舉地做(zuo)到的(de)(de)。在(zai)涵洞上(shang)面(mian)鋪蓋的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)厚(hou)度取(qu)決于所使用的(de)(de)涵洞材料(liao)的(de)(de)厚(hou)度,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)特性,車輛軸(zhou)重(zhong)和(he)行駛速(su)度。在(zai)生產上(shang)推薦的(de)(de)是(shi)用承(cheng)載(zai)能力強的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)并把它壓實到等于波(bo)紋(wen)涵管(guan)(guan)(guan)直徑的(de)(de)厚(hou)度。
如果涵洞(dong)(dong)設計得太小(xiao)(xiao)和(he)太接(jie)近(jin)于地(di)表特別是(shi)在(zai)暴露的地(di)方(fang),而且水(shui)流速度(du)緩(huan)慢(man),則在(zai)北部地(di)區(qu)的冬季容易(yi)凍結,后還要堵塞。這可以(yi)(yi)得到補救(jiu),辦(ban)法以(yi)(yi)是(shi)增加涵洞(dong)(dong)的坡度(du),采用無底的木制涵洞(dong)(dong)或在(zai)寒(han)冷季節(jie)接(jie)近(jin)時,把涵洞(dong)(dong)進(jin)口(kou)端用軟樹技鋪蓋。如果涵洞(dong)(dong)的位(wei)置坡度(du)太低(di),那么(me)將被(bei)碎石頭和(he)粗粒砂等(deng)填塞。這種(zhong)情況可以(yi)(yi)通過在(zai)涵洞(dong)(dong)進(jin)口(kou)修井(jing)或截(jie)水(shui)坑和(he)修防止沖刷和(he)把水(shui)引進(jin)涵洞(dong)(dong)的小(xiao)(xiao)型扶(fu)垛等(deng)措施來(lai)解決。
大型混凝土波紋涵管或鍍鋅鋼波紋涵管可以單獨或若干根一起用來代替小橋。這些都是性的,通常其修建費較便宜并且不要求或極小要求養護。當一起使用幾根波紋涵管時,應使它們互相離開一定距離以便于在它們中間使用壓實器。利用壓實器給予壓實可以說就是利用把水從活動區引向別處。但是在溪流帶來橫架在涵洞進口并引起堵塞的大的碎石的地方,不要使用這種涵洞。鋼波紋涵管以它特殊的物理結構就能做到這一點。鋼波紋管涵以其性能穩定、安裝方便、有利環保、造價低等優點迅速在公路施工中代替了鋼筋混凝土施工的涵洞,發展前景非常廣闊。//hanihanbj.com/
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