公路工程的涵洞一般采用鋼筋混凝土制作。現采用鋼波紋涵管代替鋼(gang)筋(jin)混凝土進行(xing)涵(han)洞施(shi)工在國內(nei)時(shi)一項新(xin)技術,鋼(gang)波紋涵(han)管以其性能(neng)穩定、安(an)裝方便、有利環保、造價低等(deng)優(you)點迅(xun)速在公路施(shi)工中(zhong)代替了(le)鋼(gang)筋(jin)混凝土施(shi)工的涵(han)洞,發展(zhan)前景非常廣闊。
在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong),應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)代(dai)替鋼筋(jin)混(hun)凝(ning)土進(jin)行(xing)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)歷史已(yi)經有(you)100多年(nian)(nian)了(le)(le)。1896年(nian)(nian),美(mei)國(guo)(guo)率行(xing)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)通(tong)(tong)道(dao)、涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)的(de)可行(xing)性(xing)研究。其后,在(zai)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)、加拿大、澳(ao)大利亞等國(guo)(guo)的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中(zhong),均(jun)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)鋼波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)進(jin)行(xing)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。1990年(nian)(nian),日本(ben)高速(su)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計,規范(fan)制(zhi)定了(le)(le)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計技(ji)術規范(fan)。隨著波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)在(zai)世界(jie)各(ge)(ge)地的(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),證(zheng)明了(le)(le)此(ci)種結構在(zai)各(ge)(ge)種使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)情(qing)況(kuang)下的(de)通(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)。在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)改革開放后,深圳及(ji)大同(tong)煤(mei)礦開始從(cong)國(guo)(guo)外進(jin)口成品波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)進(jin)行(xing)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。之后,上海(hai)市公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)管(guan)(guan)理處、上海(hai)市政工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計研究院、上海(hai)同(tong)濟大學對(dui)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)動、靜載試驗(yan),結果表明能滿足(zu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)要求(qiu),填(tian)補了(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)的(de)空白,且迅速(su)得到推廣應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。幕墻一(yi)貫反(fan)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于我(wo)國(guo)(guo)各(ge)(ge)地公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)當中(zhong)。鋼波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)投入到了(le)(le)青海(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)當中(zhong),三年(nian)(nian)的(de)實(shi)踐證(zheng)明,鋼波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)在(zai)北方寒(han)冷地區完全符合公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)當中(zhong)的(de)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)要求(qiu)。陜西(xi)通(tong)(tong)途(tu)交通(tong)(tong)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)有(you)限公(gong)(gong)(gong)司是一(yi)家生產公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)通(tong)(tong)道(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)鋼管(guan)(guan)(板)的(de)企業,主要產品包括(kuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)通(tong)(tong)道(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)鋼管(guan)(guan)(板)、相(xiang)(xiang)關配(pei)套(tao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)有(you)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)支座(zuo)、伸縮縫(feng)、鋼波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)腹板橋(qiao)(qiao)、聲(sheng)屏障、鋼便橋(qiao)(qiao)、土工(gong)(gong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)、防(fang)水材(cai)料(liao)(liao)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)掛(gua)網、防(fang)眩板、公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)護欄(lan)等交通(tong)(tong)基礎設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)和其他相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)基礎設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)。
實(shi)踐證(zheng)明,用(yong)鋼波(bo)紋(wen)涵(han)管(guan)代替鋼筋混(hun)凝土進行涵(han)洞(dong)施(shi)工(gong),無論(lun)從施(shi)工(gong)周(zhou)期(qi)、施(shi)工(gong)造價、環保意(yi)義等方面(mian)都有其不可(ke)比擬的(de)(de)優越性,且用(yong)鋼波(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)涵(han)進行涵(han)洞(dong)施(shi)工(gong),可(ke)大大提高道(dao)路行車(che)的(de)(de)舒適度與(yu)安全性,避(bi)免道(dao)路中涵(han)洞(dong)的(de)(de)“錯臺跳車(che)”現形,有利于解決(jue)西北(bei)地區(qu)寒冷(leng)霜凍(dong)對砼管(guan)涵(han)結構(gou)的(de)(de)破壞(huai)問題。
鋼波紋涵管施工要求
鋼波紋管涵的施工工藝及安(an)裝技術要求(qiu)
1 涵洞施工前準(zhun)備(bei)相關(guan)材料,人員及(ji)設備(bei)進(jin)場,并 做好施工時期的安(an)全(quan)防(fang)護(hu)工作,對路基邊坡進(jin)行圍網保護(hu),防(fang)止石(shi)塊等物體下滑傷人。
2 基礎處理(li):可回填砂礫或(huo)砌筑片石砼,對(dui)基底進行平整,換填30-50cm厚的砂礫材料,密(mi)實度達到90%以(yi)上,選擇適當的流水縱坡3%左右,定出每道涵的中(zhong)線(xian)(xian)和邊線(xian)(xian)。
3 波紋管涵(han)施工時,采用(yong)分段施工的方法,預先(xian)在(zai)原拱涵(han)基底用(yong)角鋼并(bing)排(pai)兩根,長(chang)度根據涵(han)長(chang)確定,作(zuo)涵(han)管推進(jin)時的滑軌,波紋涵(han)管管徑根據工程需要可(ke)有不同的規格,整裝管管徑為(wei)(wei)0.5m-2.5m,每節長(chang)度3.06米,采用(yong)內(外(wai))法蘭螺栓連接(jie),拼裝管管徑為(wei)(wei)3m-8m,板(ban)與板(ban)搭接(jie)高強螺栓緊固(gu)。
4 如果(guo)涵(han)長小于(yu)(yu)30米,波(bo)紋(wen)管涵(han)兩側(ce)與原(yuan)涵(han)寬度大于(yu)(yu)80cm,可(ke)將整道波(bo)紋(wen)管涵(han)在下(xia)游或上游向一端推(tui)進,就位(wei)以(yi)后,再進行(xing)一端擋墻(qiang)的(de)砌筑,四(si)周的(de)回填(tian)工作,可(ke)回填(tian)沙(sha)礫、碎石土、砌筑片石等(deng)。頂(ding)部采(cai)用砌片石或高壓泵送(song)膨脹水(shui)泥砂(sha)漿。
5 如(ru)果涵(han)(han)長大于30米,波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)兩側與(yu)原涵(han)(han)寬度小于80cm,可將(jiang)3m-6m長涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)在下游(you)或(huo)上游(you)向一端(duan)推進,就位以后(hou)可以將(jiang)其固(gu)定,砌(qi)筑頂端(duan)的(de)(de)片石(shi)端(duan)墻(qiang),波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)的(de)(de)另一端(duan)與(yu)涵(han)(han)洞間(jian)的(de)(de)間(jian)距用沙袋或(huo)漿砌(qi)片石(shi)擋住(zhu),寬度50cm,然(ran)后(hou)開(kai)始回填(tian)(tian)。兩側可用粗(cu)沙水密法(fa)密實(shi)或(huo)澆注混凝土震動棒搗實(shi)。頂部采(cai)用高壓(ya)泵送(song)膨脹水泥沙漿。該節(jie)管(guan)(guan)四周填(tian)(tian)筑完(wan)畢后(hou),將(jiang)第貳(er)節(jie)運至(zhi),進行(xing)兩管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)連接,連接完(wan)畢后(hou),以上述相同的(de)(de)方法(fa)進行(xing)回填(tian)(tian),依(yi)此順序完(wan)成管(guan)(guan)道(dao)波(bo)(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)的(de)(de)修建工(gong)作(zuo)。
鋼波紋涵管加(jia)拿大(da)(da)東部(bu)的(de)工(gong)廠(chang)制(zhi)造的(de)常規厚度(du)的(de),長度(du)為6米的(de)鍍鋅波(bo)紋涵管(guan)(guan)在船上交貨的(de)大(da)(da)致價(jia)(jia)格(ge)列(lie)于表,當(dang)然(ran)該(gai)廠(chang)還制(zhi)造其(qi)它長度(du)的(de)。短(duan)節混凝土波(bo)紋涵管(guan)(guan)的(de)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)在該(gai)制(zhi)造廠(chang)大(da)(da)致一(yi)樣,但(dan)(dan)由(you)于較重,運輸費用高(gao),所(suo)以一(yi)般不(bu)太(tai)受(shou)歡迎。對這些不(bu)同材(cai)料的(de)波(bo)紋涵管(guan)(guan)在現地的(de)費用問題(ti)應作出各種分(fen)析。當(dang)地處理的(de)本地木(mu)材(cai),在多數情況下很(hen)可能是便宜的(de)波(bo)紋涵管(guan)(guan)材(cai)料,但(dan)(dan)安裝費要(yao)高(gao)得多。
當利用(yong)推土(tu)機和(he)其它重型設備(bei)修筑路其和(he)排水溝時,埋(mai)設波紋(wen)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)挖土(tu)、波紋(wen)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)埋(mai)設后的(de)(de)(de)回填土(tu)和(he)由涵(han)(han)洞出(chu)口把水導出(chu)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)水溝的(de)(de)(de)挖掘(jue)等,一(yi)(yi)般來(lai)說是(shi)采用(yong)機械化作業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)。為了給圓形(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)拱(gong)(gong)或拱(gong)(gong)起(qi)波紋(wen)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)而準備(bei)好一(yi)(yi)個平滑(hua)床(chuang),要(yao)鋪(pu)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)層厚度(du)(du)10厘米左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)粗砂層或礫(li)石層,該層的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)要(yao)求松散些(xie)以便(bian)波紋(wen)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)能(neng)夠埋(mai)沒(mei)于(yu)該層中。該平滑(hua)床(chuang)應具有3-5%連(lian)續坡度(du)(du),支承(cheng)波紋(wen)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道全長(chang)。回填土(tu)應按6英寸(cun)一(yi)(yi)層給予壓實以加固對(dui)涵(han)(han)洞的(de)(de)(de)側(ce)向支持(chi)力(li)。這件(jian)事用(yong)手提式振動壓實器(qi)是(shi)可以輕而易(yi)舉地(di)做到的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)涵(han)(han)洞上(shang)面鋪(pu)蓋的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)層厚度(du)(du)取決(jue)于(yu)所使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)涵(han)(han)洞材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)(du),土(tu)壤特性(xing),車(che)輛軸(zhou)重和(he)行駛速度(du)(du)。在(zai)生產(chan)上(shang)推薦(jian)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)用(yong)承(cheng)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)強的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)并把它壓實到等于(yu)波紋(wen)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)直(zhi)徑的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)(du)。
如(ru)果(guo)涵洞(dong)(dong)設計得太(tai)小和(he)太(tai)接近(jin)于地表特別是(shi)在暴露(lu)的(de)地方,而且水流速度(du)緩慢,則在北部地區(qu)的(de)冬(dong)季容易凍結,后(hou)還要堵塞(sai)。這可以得到補救(jiu),辦法以是(shi)增加涵洞(dong)(dong)的(de)坡(po)度(du),采用無底的(de)木制涵洞(dong)(dong)或在寒冷季節接近(jin)時,把(ba)涵洞(dong)(dong)進(jin)口端(duan)用軟(ruan)樹(shu)技鋪蓋。如(ru)果(guo)涵洞(dong)(dong)的(de)位置坡(po)度(du)太(tai)低,那(nei)么將(jiang)被碎石頭(tou)和(he)粗粒砂等填塞(sai)。這種情況可以通過在涵洞(dong)(dong)進(jin)口修井或截水坑(keng)和(he)修防止沖刷和(he)把(ba)水引進(jin)涵洞(dong)(dong)的(de)小型扶垛等措施來解決。
大型混凝土波紋涵管或鍍鋅鋼波紋涵管可以單獨或若干根一起用來代替小橋。這些都是性的,通常其修建費較便宜并且不要求或極小要求養護。當一起使用幾根波紋涵管時,應使它們互相離開一定距離以便于在它們中間使用壓實器。利用壓實器給予壓實可以說就是利用把水從活動區引向別處。但是在溪流帶來橫架在涵洞進口并引起堵塞的大的碎石的地方,不要使用這種涵洞。鋼波紋涵管以它特殊的物理結構就能做到這一點。鋼波紋管涵以其性能穩定、安裝方便、有利環保、造價低等優點迅速在公路施工中代替了鋼筋混凝土施工的涵洞,發展前景非常廣闊。//hanihanbj.com/
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