公路工程的涵洞一般采用鋼筋混凝土制作。現采用鋼波紋涵管代替(ti)鋼(gang)(gang)筋混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土進行涵(han)洞(dong)(dong)施工(gong)在(zai)國內時一項新(xin)技術(shu),鋼(gang)(gang)波紋涵(han)管(guan)以(yi)其性能穩定、安裝方便、有利(li)環保、造價低等(deng)優點迅速在(zai)公路施工(gong)中(zhong)代替(ti)了鋼(gang)(gang)筋混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土施工(gong)的涵(han)洞(dong)(dong),發展前景非常廣(guang)闊。
在(zai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)施工(gong)中,應用(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)波(bo)紋涵(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)代替鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋混(hun)凝(ning)土進(jin)(jin)行(xing)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)已經有100多年了(le)(le)。1896年,美國(guo)(guo)率行(xing)波(bo)紋涵(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)通道(dao)、涵(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)可行(xing)性研究(jiu)。其(qi)后,在(zai)美國(guo)(guo)、加(jia)拿(na)大(da)(da)、澳大(da)(da)利亞等(deng)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)中,均采用(yong)了(le)(le)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)波(bo)紋涵(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)的(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)。1990年,日本高速(su)(su)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji),規范制定了(le)(le)波(bo)紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)技術規范。隨著波(bo)紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)在(zai)世(shi)界各(ge)地的(de)(de)(de)安裝使(shi)(shi)用(yong),證(zheng)明了(le)(le)此種(zhong)(zhong)結(jie)構在(zai)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)情(qing)況下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)通用(yong)性。在(zai)我國(guo)(guo)改革開放后,深(shen)圳及大(da)(da)同煤礦開始從國(guo)(guo)外進(jin)(jin)口成品波(bo)紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)施工(gong)。之后,上海(hai)(hai)市(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)處、上海(hai)(hai)市(shi)政工(gong)程設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)研究(jiu)院、上海(hai)(hai)同濟大(da)(da)學對金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)波(bo)紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)動(dong)、靜載試驗,結(jie)果表(biao)明能滿足設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)要(yao)求,填補了(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)空白(bai),且(qie)迅速(su)(su)得到推廣(guang)應用(yong)。幕墻一貫反應用(yong)于我國(guo)(guo)各(ge)地公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)當中。鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)波(bo)紋涵(han)(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)投入(ru)到了(le)(le)青海(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)施工(gong)當中,三(san)年的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)證(zheng)明,鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)波(bo)紋管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)在(zai)北(bei)方寒(han)冷(leng)地區(qu)完(wan)全符合公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)當中的(de)(de)(de)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)施工(gong)要(yao)求。陜西通途(tu)交(jiao)通設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施有限(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司是一家(jia)生產(chan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)通道(dao)用(yong)波(bo)紋鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(板(ban)(ban))的(de)(de)(de)企業,主要(yao)產(chan)品包括(kuo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)涵(han)(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)通道(dao)用(yong)波(bo)紋鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(板(ban)(ban))、相關配套設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施有橋(qiao)梁支座、伸縮(suo)縫、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)波(bo)紋腹板(ban)(ban)橋(qiao)、聲(sheng)屏(ping)障、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)便橋(qiao)、土工(gong)材料、防水材料、金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)掛網、防眩板(ban)(ban)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)護欄等(deng)交(jiao)通基礎設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施和其(qi)他相應的(de)(de)(de)基礎設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)施。
實踐證明,用(yong)鋼(gang)波(bo)紋(wen)涵(han)管(guan)代(dai)替鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土進(jin)行(xing)(xing)涵(han)洞(dong)施工(gong),無論(lun)從施工(gong)周(zhou)期、施工(gong)造價、環保(bao)意義等方面都有其不可比(bi)擬的優越性,且用(yong)鋼(gang)波(bo)紋(wen)管(guan)涵(han)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)涵(han)洞(dong)施工(gong),可大(da)大(da)提(ti)高(gao)道路行(xing)(xing)車的舒適度與(yu)安全性,避免(mian)道路中涵(han)洞(dong)的“錯(cuo)臺跳車”現形,有利于解決(jue)西北地區寒冷霜(shuang)凍對砼管(guan)涵(han)結構的破壞問題。
鋼波紋涵管施工要求
鋼波紋管涵的(de)施工(gong)工(gong)藝及安裝技(ji)術要求
1 涵洞施工前(qian)準備相關材料,人員及設備進場,并 做(zuo)好施工時(shi)期的(de)安全防護工作,對路基(ji)邊坡(po)進行圍網(wang)保護,防止石塊等物(wu)體(ti)下滑傷(shang)人。
2 基礎處理:可回(hui)填砂礫或砌筑片石砼,對基底進(jin)行平(ping)整,換(huan)填30-50cm厚(hou)的砂礫材料,密實度達到90%以(yi)上,選擇適(shi)當的流水縱坡3%左右,定出每(mei)道涵的中線(xian)和邊(bian)線(xian)。
3 波(bo)(bo)紋管涵施(shi)工時,采(cai)用分段施(shi)工的(de)方法(fa),預先在原拱涵基底用角鋼(gang)并排兩根,長度根據涵長確定(ding),作涵管推(tui)進(jin)時的(de)滑軌,波(bo)(bo)紋涵管管徑根據工程需要可有不(bu)同的(de)規格,整裝管管徑為0.5m-2.5m,每節(jie)長度3.06米,采(cai)用內(外)法(fa)蘭螺栓連接,拼(pin)裝管管徑為3m-8m,板與板搭接高強螺栓緊固(gu)。
4 如(ru)果涵長小于30米,波紋管涵兩側與原涵寬度大于80cm,可將整道(dao)波紋管涵在下游(you)或(huo)上(shang)游(you)向一端推進,就位以后,再進行一端擋墻的砌(qi)筑(zhu)(zhu),四周的回(hui)填工作,可回(hui)填沙礫、碎石(shi)土、砌(qi)筑(zhu)(zhu)片石(shi)等。頂部采(cai)用砌(qi)片石(shi)或(huo)高壓泵(beng)送膨脹水泥砂漿。
5 如(ru)果涵(han)長大于30米,波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)管(guan)涵(han)兩(liang)(liang)側與原涵(han)寬度(du)小(xiao)于80cm,可(ke)將3m-6m長涵(han)管(guan)在下游(you)或上(shang)游(you)向(xiang)一(yi)端(duan)推進,就(jiu)位以(yi)后可(ke)以(yi)將其固定,砌筑頂端(duan)的片(pian)石端(duan)墻,波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)管(guan)涵(han)的另一(yi)端(duan)與涵(han)洞間的間距(ju)用沙(sha)(sha)袋或漿砌片(pian)石擋住,寬度(du)50cm,然(ran)后開始(shi)回填(tian)。兩(liang)(liang)側可(ke)用粗沙(sha)(sha)水密法密實(shi)或澆注(zhu)混(hun)凝土(tu)震動棒搗實(shi)。頂部采用高壓泵送膨脹水泥沙(sha)(sha)漿。該節(jie)管(guan)四(si)周(zhou)填(tian)筑完(wan)畢(bi)后,將第貳節(jie)運至,進行兩(liang)(liang)管(guan)的連接,連接完(wan)畢(bi)后,以(yi)上(shang)述相(xiang)同的方法進行回填(tian),依此(ci)順序完(wan)成管(guan)道波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)管(guan)涵(han)的修建工作(zuo)。
鋼波紋涵管加(jia)拿大(da)東(dong)部的(de)工廠制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)常規厚度的(de),長(chang)(chang)度為(wei)6米的(de)鍍鋅波(bo)紋(wen)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)在船上交(jiao)貨的(de)大(da)致價格列于(yu)表,當然該廠還制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)其(qi)它長(chang)(chang)度的(de)。短節(jie)混凝土波(bo)紋(wen)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)的(de)價格在該制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)廠大(da)致一樣,但(dan)由于(yu)較重,運輸(shu)費用(yong)高(gao),所以一般不(bu)太受歡迎。對這(zhe)些不(bu)同(tong)材料的(de)波(bo)紋(wen)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)在現地的(de)費用(yong)問題應(ying)作(zuo)出各種分析。當地處理(li)的(de)本地木材,在多數情況下很可能是便宜的(de)波(bo)紋(wen)涵(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)材料,但(dan)安(an)裝費要高(gao)得多。
當利用(yong)(yong)推土(tu)機和其它重(zhong)型設備(bei)修筑路其和排水溝(gou)時,埋(mai)設波紋(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)的挖土(tu)、波紋(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)埋(mai)設后的回(hui)(hui)填土(tu)和由涵(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)出口把水導出去的泄水溝(gou)的挖掘等,一(yi)般(ban)來說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)采用(yong)(yong)機械化(hua)作業的。為了給圓形管(guan)(guan)拱或(huo)拱起波紋(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)而準備(bei)好一(yi)個平滑(hua)床,要鋪(pu)上一(yi)層(ceng)厚(hou)度(du)10厘米左右的粗砂層(ceng)或(huo)礫石(shi)層(ceng),該層(ceng)的材料要求松散些以便波紋(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)能夠埋(mai)沒于(yu)該層(ceng)中。該平滑(hua)床應具有3-5%連續(xu)坡度(du),支(zhi)承波紋(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)道全長(chang)。回(hui)(hui)填土(tu)應按6英寸一(yi)層(ceng)給予壓實以加固對涵(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)的側向支(zhi)持力。這件事用(yong)(yong)手提式振(zhen)動壓實器是(shi)(shi)可(ke)以輕(qing)而易舉地(di)做到的。在涵(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)上面鋪(pu)蓋的土(tu)層(ceng)厚(hou)度(du)取決于(yu)所使用(yong)(yong)的涵(han)(han)(han)洞(dong)(dong)材料的厚(hou)度(du),土(tu)壤特性(xing),車(che)輛軸重(zhong)和行駛速度(du)。在生產上推薦的是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)承載能力強的土(tu)并把它壓實到等于(yu)波紋(wen)(wen)涵(han)(han)(han)管(guan)(guan)直徑的厚(hou)度(du)。
如(ru)果涵(han)洞設計得太(tai)小(xiao)(xiao)和太(tai)接近于地(di)(di)表特別(bie)是在(zai)暴露的地(di)(di)方,而且水(shui)(shui)流速度緩慢(man),則在(zai)北部地(di)(di)區(qu)的冬季容(rong)易凍(dong)結,后還要堵(du)塞(sai)。這可以得到補救(jiu),辦法(fa)以是增(zeng)加涵(han)洞的坡(po)度,采用(yong)無底的木制涵(han)洞或在(zai)寒冷季節接近時(shi),把涵(han)洞進(jin)口端用(yong)軟樹技(ji)鋪蓋(gai)。如(ru)果涵(han)洞的位置(zhi)坡(po)度太(tai)低,那么將被(bei)碎石頭和粗粒砂(sha)等填塞(sai)。這種情況可以通過(guo)在(zai)涵(han)洞進(jin)口修(xiu)井或截(jie)水(shui)(shui)坑和修(xiu)防止沖(chong)刷和把水(shui)(shui)引進(jin)涵(han)洞的小(xiao)(xiao)型扶垛等措施來解決。
大型混凝土波紋涵管或鍍鋅鋼波紋涵管可以單獨或若干根一起用來代替小橋。這些都是性的,通常其修建費較便宜并且不要求或極小要求養護。當一起使用幾根波紋涵管時,應使它們互相離開一定距離以便于在它們中間使用壓實器。利用壓實器給予壓實可以說就是利用把水從活動區引向別處。但是在溪流帶來橫架在涵洞進口并引起堵塞的大的碎石的地方,不要使用這種涵洞。鋼波紋涵管以它特殊的物理結構就能做到這一點。鋼波紋管涵以其性能穩定、安裝方便、有利環保、造價低等優點迅速在公路施工中代替了鋼筋混凝土施工的涵洞,發展前景非常廣闊。//hanihanbj.com/
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